No. 173, 2007.Supreme Court of Delaware.Submitted: January 9, 2008.
Decided: February 11, 2008.
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Court Below: Superior Court of the State of Delaware, in and for New Castle County, Cr. A. No. 0607070551.
Upon appeal from the Superior Court. AFFIRMED.
William A. Gonser, Jr., Andrew W. Gonser, Nancy Y. Gorman, Tanisha L. Merced, Gonser and Gonser, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware, for appellant.
Timothy J. Donovan, Jr., Department of Justice, Wilmington, Delaware, for appellee.
Before STEELE, Chief Justice, HOLLAND, BERGER, JACOBS and RIDGELY, constituting the court en banc.
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STEELE, Chief Justice.
A Superior Court jury found Clifford Wright, defendant-appellant, guilty of two counts of delivery of cocaine. Wright makes two arguments on appeal. First, he argues that the trial judge erred by denying his motion to dismiss pursuant to the common law corpus delicti rule.[1]
Second, Wright argues that the State failed to introduce sufficient evidence for the jury to find that the substance Wright delivered was, in fact, cocaine. Following initial briefing, we directed the parties to file supplemental briefs to address the evidence in the record, other than Wright’s confession, that established that the substance delivered was actually cocaine.[2] We find that the testimony of Wright’s uncharged co-conspirator, Cannon, independently established that Cannon provided Wright with cocaine and that Wright then delivered that cocaine to others. The evidence sufficiently supports Wright’s convictions. Therefore, we AFFIRM.
FACTS
Police arrested and charged Raheem Cannon with possession with intent to deliver cocaine and other related drug crimes in June 2006. On July 13, 2006, Detective Thomas Abram called Cannon to the New Castle County Police Headquarters for questioning about an incident that involved both Cannon and Wright. After Detective Abram assured Cannon that he would not be prosecuted for his statements, Cannon confessed to selling cocaine to Wright two different times on the evening of July 8, 2006.[3]
Cannon had been selling cocaine on a daily basis for about two years. He never used cocaine himself, but had used marijuana and pills before entering a drug diversion program. Wright, Cannon’s roommate for a brief time, regularly bought cocaine from Cannon every other week for over a year.
On July 8, Cannon went to a friend’s house for a “get together.” Because “business [was] kind of slow,” he called Wright to see if he “[knew] anybody looking for anything.” After “a little bit of time,” Wright called him back. Cannon testified that during the first call, Wright requested “a 1/16” or 1.6 grams of cocaine.[4] Cannon bagged the drugs for Wright before meeting him in the parking lot of Tailgates Bar in New Castle County. Cannon explained that he knew the substance he had placed in small baggies was cocaine because “[i]f you deal with it every day you can just tell by the texture and the smell and just the look of it.” The cocaine that he bagged for
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Wright was a mixture of powder and chunks and had a “fuelly smell” like gasoline. Cannon had received the cocaine from someone else. In the two years he had been selling cocaine, Cannon testified, no drug purchaser had ever complained that Cannon sold fake cocaine.
The cocaine that Cannon took to Wright had a street value that approached $80 to $100. After Wright paid Cannon $100 for the cocaine, Cannon went back to the “get together.” Some time later, Wright called him and requested another $80 to $100 worth of cocaine, and Cannon made a second delivery to Wright at the same location. At this second delivery, Wright was standing with someone that Cannon did not know. Cannon assumed that person intended to buy the drugs from Wright. He acknowledged, however, that he never saw Wright give the drugs to anyone. The police never recovered any of the cocaine in question.
In light of Cannon’s statement, Detective Abram questioned Wright about the cocaine purchases.[5] Before invoking hi Miranda rights, Wright admitted to purchasing cocaine from Cannon two times on the evening of July 8, 2006. Wright also stated that he delivered to others both quantities of the drugs that he bought from Cannon. When Detective Abram asked whether he had also requested drugs for himself, Wright replied, “Not for me. I don’t do it.” The police arrested Wright and charged him with two counts of delivery of cocaine.
In exchange for immunity for his statements inculpating Wright, Cannon testified for the prosecution about his role in supplying Wright with cocaine at Wright’s trial. Before the State introduced Wright’s confession to Detective Abram, Wright’s counsel objected and moved for dismissal based upon the State’s failure to establish the corpus delicti
for either of the two counts of delivery of cocaine. Finding that Cannon’s testimony furnished independent evidence of th corpus delict, the trial judge denied the motion. At the close of the State’s case-in-chief, Wright’s counsel moved for judgment of acquittal, claiming that the State failed to present sufficient evidence for a rational jury to conclude that the substance involved was indeed cocaine. The trial judge denied the motion, finding that Cannon’s assertion that the substance was cocaine, given his drug dealing experience, sufficiently established the relevant element of the crime charged. The jury convicted Cannon of both charges. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
We first note that the General Assembly changed the Delaware common law in 1996 when it enacted, and the Governor signed, S.B. 256, which added the following subsection (c) to 1 Del. C. § 301: “In any prosecution for any compound crime, including but not limited to first degree murder under § 636(a)(2) or (a)(6) of this title or for second degree murder under § 635(2) of this title, th corpus delicti of the underlying felony need not be proved independently of a defendant’s extrajudicial statement.”[6] The synopsis to the bill provided:
The Delaware Supreme Court recently reversed a first degree murder conviction based upon the corpus delicti rule. DeJesus v. State, 655 A.2d 1180 (Del. 1995). In doing so, the Court adopted
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an interpretation of the rule that is applied in only a small number of states. This statute will change the Delaware corpus delicti rule to bring it in accord with the rule applied in a majority of states.[7]
The explanation of the corpus delicti rule in Delaware and the reasons why the “trustworthiness” position was consistent with our precedent do not represent the entirety of the DeJesus opinion.[8] In DeJesus, after examining the corpus delicti rule in Delaware, we then applied the Rule to the compound crime of felony murder.[9]
Section 301(c), however, establishes that this approach may not be applied to prosecutions “for any compound crimes.”[10]
Because this case does not include a compound crime, the charges here do not implicate section 301. Therefore, the “trustworthiness” approach to the corpus delicti rule, as explained by DeJesus and its progeny, [11] still applies. The “trustworthiness” approach to the corpus delicti rule remains the law in Delaware for all prosecutions that do not involve compound crimes.
To satisfy the policy behind our corpus delicti rule, the State must present “some evidence of the existence of a crime, independent of the defendant’s confession, to support a conviction.”[12] Recently, in Bailey v. State, [13] we noted that “[t]his
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Court has never precisely defined the specific quantum of independent evidence required by the State to establish th corpus delicti“[14] In qualifying this observation, however, we also stated that the “defendant is sufficiently protected by requiring proof of the corpus delicti
beyond a reasonable doubt upon all the evidence taken together, provided that some evidence apart from the confession is adduced.”[15] “Once the State has produced some evidence of a crime, independent of the defendant’s statement, then the policy behind the corpus delicti rule is satisfied and the confession may be admitted into evidence.”[16]
Wright first argues that, at the time he raised his objection, the evidence of the alleged drug offenses failed to establish the corpus delicti of the crime charged. In cases involving these challenges, we have reviewed properly preserved objections to the sufficiency of the evidence establishing th corpus delicti under the same standard as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.[17] To articulate precisely our standard of review corpus delicti
challenges will be reviewed for whether a rational trier of fact, considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, could find the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.[18]
We start by addressing whether the State established evidence, other than Wright’s own confession, for either count of delivery of cocaine. To be convicted of delivery of cocaine, the State must prove that Wright delivered, or possessed with intent to deliver, cocaine.[19] Because “the more prudent approach is to apply the corpus delicti rule to any admission of the defendant that may tend to prove an element of the criminal offense,”[20] we must look at the circumstantial evidence the State presented through Cannon.
The State established, through Cannon’s testimony, that Wright delivered cocaine. Cannon, as Wright’s cocaine supplier, called Wright to see if Wright had some
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one to distribute or sell cocaine to further down the chain. Cannon testified that he called Wright and “asked him did he know anybody who that [sic] wanted anything. . . .” Cannon testified that he then made two cocaine deliveries to Wright. On the second delivery, Wright had someone with him. After both deliveries, Wright paid Cannon for the drugs. Cannon believed it must have been another person’s money because (Cannon believed) Wright would not personally have that much money on his own. Completely excluding any of Wright’s admissions or statements and considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, Cannon’s testimony sufficiently demonstrated that Wright actually delivered the cocaine Cannon had provided. Thus, the State established th corpus delicti for the “delivery” element of the crime of delivery of cocaine.
The second, and remaining, question is whether the State established through Cannon’s testimony that Cannon provided Wright with cocaine or counterfeit cocaine. Because the State never recovered the substance and because Cannon never personally used the substance and could not testify about its physiological effects, the defense argues that the State failed to establish independently that the substance was, in fact, cocaine. Thus, the question becomes whether, in the absence of chemical testing or expert testimony, a lay witness can identify an illegal substance sufficient to support a jury finding.
In Gooch v. Georgia, [21] the Georgia Court of Appeals found that lay testimony about the effects of methamphetamine that the defendant sold to the witnesses established sufficient circumstantial evidence to support a conviction. In that case, the witnesses testified that, upon ingesting the substance the defendant sold, they experienced similar physiological reactions as they had with other methamphetamine.[22] In Clifton v. Indiana, [23]
the Supreme Court of Indiana agreed with this general principle, noting, “[t]o affirm a conviction based on this type of circumstantial evidence, the evidence must consist of the opinion testimony of someone sufficiently experienced with the drug.”[24] Later Indiana cases, however, recognized tha Clifton held that “opinion testimony from one experienced with a drug” included merely one type of permissible circumstantial evidence that may suffice for drug identification.[25] At
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least three federal Circuit Courts of appeal have also accepted lay opinion testimony to identify the substance at issue.[26] These courts find that the testimony of someone experienced with a drug is one type of permissible circumstantial evidence that a jury may consider when determining a substance’s identification.
We agree with those courts. A lay witness with familiarity and experience with the drug in question may testify and establish a drug’s identity by factors other than the witness’s personal use. Here, Cannon’s lay opinion testimony was sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could infer the substance to be cocaine. Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, Cannon stated that he had bagged what he believed was cocaine based on its appearance, smell, and his two years of experience as a cocaine dealer. That testimony constituted independent evidence that the substance was in fact cocaine and, as a result, satisfied the corpu delicti rule. It was for the jury to determine the credibility of Cannon’s testimony.[27]
Wright also argues, in the alternative, that the State never offered Cannon as an expert and that Cannon’s experiences as a cocaine dealer were insufficient to establish the substance’s identity. There appears to be some discrepancy among the states as to whether a drug dealer must be qualified as an expert witness.[28] We need not address this argument at this time, however, because it was not fairly presented to the trial judge and the interests of justice do not warrant its consideration.[29] Finally, Wright confessed that he sold cocaine.
In viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the jury could find Wright guilty of two counts of delivery of cocaine.
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CONCLUSION
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Superior Court is AFFIRMED.
(2001); Reynolds/Herr v. Indiana, 582 N.E.2d 833
(Ind.Ct.App. 1991); Slettvet v. Indiana, 258 Ind. 312, 280 N.E.2d 806 (1972); and Clifton v. Indiana, 499 N.E.2d 256 (Ind. 1986). In its briefing, the State also discussed Smalley v. Indiana, 732 N.E.2d 1231
(Ind.Ct.App. 2000), a case which identified a conflict betwee Reynolds/Herr and existing Indiana Supreme Court precedent.
(Del. 1995) (part III.B).
(Del.Super.). Arguably, only Bailey (first degree murder by abuse or neglect) elaborates on the “trustworthiness” analysis. Rogers (a Rule 61 case from convictions of first degree attempted robbery, first degree assault, wearing a disguise during the commission of a felony and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony) and Barlow
(first degree robbery and criminal impersonation) merely cit DeJesus for the proposition that the Delawar corpus delicti rule requires the prosecution to show some evidence of the crime apart from the defendant’s confession. Wells (DUI and driving while license is suspended or revoked) and Bright (attempted murder and terroristic threatening) apply the corpus delicti rule to the facts of those cases. As indicated, none of these cases involved felony murder.
(“The purpose of the corpus delicti rule is not served by permitting the State to rely solely upon the defendant’s single, extrajudicial confession to establish the corpus delicti of multiple crimes charged against him.”) Jenkins v. State, 401 A.2d 83, 86 (Del. 1979) (“[T]he amount of independent evidence tending to establish th corpus delicti need not be conclusive, so long as, when viewed with the confession, it establishes the corpus delicti beyond a reasonable doubt.”). Jenkins
notes that this Court has rejected the federal requirement of “substantial independent evidence” in favor of a more flexible rule requiring only “some” independent proof. See id.
(quoting Nelson, 123 A.2d at 862).
(Del. 1995); Shipley v. State, 570 A.2d 1159, 1169-70
(Del. 1990); Jennings v. State, 1988 WL 141156, at *2 (Del.Supr.); Bright v. State, 490 A.2d 564, 569 (Del. 1985); Stokes v. State, 402 A.2d 376, 382 (Del. 1979) Jenkins v. State, 401 A.2d 83, 87 (Del. 1979) Johnson v. State, 338 A.2d 124, 126 (Del. 1975) Derrickson v. State, 321 A.2d 497, 502 (Del. 1974) Henry v. State, 298 A.2d 327, 329 (Del. 1972) McGuigan v. State, 281 A.2d 480, 483 (Del. 1971) Nelson v. State, 123 A.2d 859, 861-62 (Del. 1956).
(Del. 1982) (same).
(Del.Super.), aff’d, 367 A.2d 650 (Del. 1976) (Table)).
(Ind.Ct.App. 2000) (“[W]e believe, in light of Clifton, that it is inaccurate to state that opinion testimony from one experienced with a drug must be produced for purposes of identifying a drug in the absence of chemical analysis. Rather, as Clifton held, other types of circumstantial evidence may suffice for drug identification as well.”) But see Reynolds/Herr v. Indiana, 582 N.E.2d 833, 840
(Ind.Ct.App. 1991) (finding insufficient evidence to corroborate that a second baggie of drugs was cocaine). Smalley
rejects the reasoning in Reynolds/Herr because of its failure to consider the rule of Clifton. Smalley, 732 N.E.2d at 1235. See also Reynolds/Hen, 582 N.E.2d at 841-42 (Conover, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part):
I respectfully dissent from the majority’s determination the evidence was insufficient as to Herr’s conviction for possession of cocaine. . . . The proximity of the two baggies in Herr’s purse, the proof one contained cocaine, and Overstreet’s independent identification of the substance as being cocaine sufficiently establishes the corpus delicti, in my opinion. Herr’s confession/statement against interest was properly admitted for the jury to consider. Substantial evidence supports the judgment on that score, in my opinion.